The Schism Between The East And The West - 1557 Words

The Great Schism There were many issues that created the Great Schism between the East and the West, both before 1054 CE and after. However, it would appear from the documentation that the East had more issues with how the West conducted religion and ran their church. The issues that occurred with how the West conducted religion and ran their church happened prior to 1054 CE. Furthermore, the ambassadors from the Pope excommunicated the Patriarch of Constantinople around 1054 CE. The following day, the Patriarch excommunicated the Pope. Then the official Schism between the Latin Roman Catholic church and the Orthodox Catholic church began. 1054 CE is considered the official date of the start of the schism, but there were tensions before†¦show more content†¦In the Traditions of the Latin Catholics and Eastern Orthodox, the Latin (Roman) Catholics and Eastern Orthodox are compared by geographic areas, secular authority, chief religious authority, role of the general church co uncil, typical style of government, married priests, and divorce. Latin Catholics were located in Western and Northern Europe, parts of Central also Southern Europe and the secular authority is that the church is separate from the secular political authority. The chief religious authority is the Pope as head of the church, and the general church council was ran as a Council to advise the popes. The typical style of government was a â€Å"Monarchy†, and priests were not allowed to marry. Divorce was forbidden and never considered. (Document 4). However, the issues the Roman Catholics had after 1054 CE were well written by Robert de Clari, a French knight who participated in the attack on Constantinople, in his own chronicles recounting the Crusade in 1204 CE. (Document 1) In addition, there is the letter to Henry, who was a German Holy Roman Emporer from Robert Guiscard the King of Sicily in 1076 CE (Document 9). Robert de Clari stated that â€Å"all the Crusaders and Venetia ns should go and hear the Sermon on Sunday morning.† The bishops preached to them about how the Greeks were bad and the war was righteous and the Bishops said that they would forgive them. The Bishops then made the Pilgrims confess their sins and receive communion.

Business Research Project Part 3 Sampling and Data...

Business Research Project Part 3: Sampling and Data Collection Plan The sampling and data collection plan serves as the skeleton of our learning team’s project. As the owners of the learning team’s company â€Å"The Clear as Mudd Drinking Water Company†, the focus of the research question and hypothesis was switched to an environmentally conscious approach to determine if that was a potential reason behind slipping profits. As a team, we reviewed each member’s individual sampling and data collection plan, noting each plans strengths and weaknesses. Team discussions of the data analysis continued and the decision was made to again change the research question and hypothesis. The elements that comprise this decision, along with the strengths and†¦show more content†¦The idea of using the data we already have on hand to determine if the water bottling process could be a potential problem was a key strength. The data is easily available, at little to no relative cost to obtain. This will provide the answers we are loo king for without having to enlist human evaluations, which would increase the cost of the survey process exponentially. Improvements Reviewing our team’s project, there are a few areas that improvements could be made. These correct areas and subjects were covered in the reports, but as a group some of the estimations needed some adjustment. Sample Size/Population Cooper Schindler (2014) has referred that using an adequate sample size from a population is critical in performing a correct analysis. In the reports analyzed for this project, the sample size is under what it should be. Limiting the sample size is more cost effective, but in doing so valuable information is left out to determine if the sample size properly represents the population. In addition, specific population targeting (i.e. age) can provide details for that group, but if too much focus is lost on what is perceived as the target population, it is likely that (at least) secondary or possible the new primary population could be overlooked. Data Security Measures In the current technology age, data security has never been more important. Though the learning team’s plans included security measures, thereShow MoreRelatedSampling And Data Collection Plan1203 Words   |  5 PagesSampling and Data Collection Plan Business Research Project Part Patricia Tyler, Cynthrea Font, Jacob Moorer, Abner Segovia QNT/561 September 28, 2015 Professor: Dr. Luis R. Mora Sampling and Data Collection Plan Introduction This paper outline the sampling and data collection procedure used to test MTD Flower’s by Mail hypothesis. The MTD Flower’s by Mail hypotheses are: H0: Implementing TQM with MTD Flower’s vendors (IV) will improve customer satisfaction (DV). 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Examining the multiple types of accounting Essay Example For Students

Examining the multiple types of accounting Essay The systematic recording, coverage and analysis of fiscal statements of the concern are called as Accounting. The individual in charge of accounting is called as Accountant. Accounting provides the system which provides a system of regulations and ordinances which govern the format and content of the fiscal statements. Following are the methods of fiscal statements fraud: Fabricated Grosss: Recording of the services that did non happen. Clocking differences: Recording grosss and/or disbursals in improper methods. Concealed liabilities: Omissions of liability/expense Improper revelations: One signifier of deceitful fiscal coverage is creative accounting Types of fiscal histories: Fiscal histories: These histories are used by the company to describe to their stockholders. Therefore it should supply a true statement of company s fiscal place. Internal direction histories: Internal direction histories histories for the internal operations of the concern. It shows whether the finance is consistently utilized in the concern. Role of Accountants: There are fundamentally two types of comptrollers: One who works for the company and has an duty as an employee to the company. The other who is an independent certified public comptroller and may be hired by the company as the outside advocate. Accountants employed by the organisation: They are divided into two wide classs: Management comptroller Fiscal comptroller Management comptroller: The chief undertaking of the direction comptroller is to ease the determination doing procedure by supplying the relevant information which the company needs for explicating assorted policies. If he fails to supply the needed information it would impact the long-run aims of the company. Fiscal Accountant: A fiscal comptroller provides economic information to providers, employers and people external to the organisation. The function of fiscal comptroller besides involves reding managers on the points that have to be selected for fiscal statements. Accountants in Professional pattern include: The hearer Related services Ethical Audited account: Main intent: It is to look into the actions of the house, which are directed at maximising long term proprietor value and the extent of distributive justness. Features: It assesses the concern constructions and processs, systems and policies. It besides measures the extent to which the concern activities comply with the criterions it has publically declared to its external clients. It measures the concern behavior against the moral or spiritual criterions of the community. ETHICAL ISSUES IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Following are the ethical issues that need to be addressed: Security of the cyberspace minutess Delivery of the goods Tax return of the goods with which the client is dissatisfied. Cyber offenses such as: Choping Virus Software buccaneering has added to the jobs in The Information Age. To halt all this, parliament passed its first cyber jurisprudence, the Information Technology Act, 2000, which provided the legal substructure for electronic commercialism in India. Examples: American Insurance Group Company Profile: American International Group, Inc. ( AIG ) is an American insurance corporation. Its corporate central offices are located in the American International Building in New York City. AIG suffered from a liquidness crisis when its recognition evaluations were downgraded below AA degrees in September 2008. The United States Federal Reserve Bank on September 16, 2008, created an $ 85 billion recognition installation to enable the company to run into increased collateral duties consequent to the recognition evaluation downgrade, in exchange for the issue of a stock warrant to the Federal Reserve Bank for 79.9 % of the equity of AIG. The Federal Reserve Bank and the United States Treasury by May 2009 had increased the possible fiscal support to AIG, with the support of an investing of every bit much as $ 70 billion, a $ 60 billion recognition line and $ 52.5 billion to purchase mortgage-based assets owned or guaranteed by AIG, increasing the entire sum available to every bit much as $ 182.5 billion. Case In this instance the Securities and Exchange Commission alleged that AIG s reinsurance minutess with General Re Corporation ( Gen Re ) were designed to blow up falsely AIG s loss militias by $ 500 million in order to squelch analyst unfavorable judgment that AIG s militias had been worsening. The ailment besides identifies a figure of other minutess in which AIG materially misstated its fiscal consequences through assumed minutess and entities created for the intent of misdirecting the puting populace. It was alleged that in December 2000 and March 2001, AIG entered into two assumed reinsurance minutess with Gen Re that had no economic substance but were designed to let AIG to improperly add a sum of $ 500 million in bogus loss militias to its balance sheet in the 4th one-fourth of 2000 and the first one-fourth of 2001. The minutess were initiated by AIG to squelch analysts unfavorable judgment of AIG for a anterior decrease of the militias. In add-on, the ailment alleged that in 2000, AIG engaged in a dealing with Capco Reinsurance Company, Ltd. ( Capco ) to hide about $ 200 million in underwriting losingss in its general insurance concern by improperly change overing them to capital ( or investing ) losingss to do those losingss less abashing to AIG BERNARD L. MADOFF-PONZI SCHEME Madoff is a occupant of New York City and is the exclusive proprietor of BMIS. BMIS web site indicates that Madoff founded BMIS in the early 1960s and that he is an lawyer. Madoff is a former Chairman of the board of managers of the NASDAQ stock market. BMIS is both a broker-dealer and investing advisor registered with the Commission. Madoff oversees and controls the investing advisor services at BMIS every bit good at the overall fundss of BMIS. The SEC alleged that Friehling and F A ; H enabled Madoff s Ponzi strategy by falsely saying, in one-year audit studies, that F A ; H audited Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC s ( BMIS ) fiscal statements pursuant to Generally Accepted Auditing Standards ( GAAS ) . F A ; H besides made representations that BMIS fiscal statements were presented in conformance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP ) and that Friehling reviewed internal controls at BMIS. The ailment alleged that all of these statements were materially false because Friehling and F A ; H did non execute a meaningful audit of BMIS and hence had no footing to organize an sentiment about the house s fiscal status or internal controls. Afraid that his work for BMIS would be capable to peer reappraisal, as required of comptrollers who conduct audits, Friehling lied to the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants for old ages and denied that he conducted any audit work. The SEC further alleged that Friehling and F A ; H obtained dirty additions through compensation from Madoff and BMIS, and besides from retreating returns from histories held at BMIS in the name of Friehling and his household members. WorldCom MCI, Inc. was an American telecommunications subordinate of Verizon Communications that is headquartered in Ashburn, unincorporated Loudoun County, Virginia. The corporation was originally formed as a consequence of the amalgamation of WorldCom ( once known as LDDS followed by LDDS WorldCom ) and MCI Communications, and used the name MCI WorldCom followed by WorldCom before taking its concluding name on April 12, 2003 as portion of the corporation s outgrowth from bankruptcy. The company once traded on NASDAQ under the symbols WCOM ( pre-bankruptcy ) and MCIP ( post-bankruptcy ) . The corporation was purchased by Verizon Communications with the trade shutting on July 7, 2006, and is now identified as that company s Verizon Business division with the local residential divisions easy integrated into local Verizon subordinates Case It was alleged that WorldCom falsely portrayed itself as a profitable concern during 2001 and the first one-fourth of 2002 by describing net incomes that it did non hold. WorldCom did so by capitalising ( and postponing ) instead than write offing ( and instantly acknowledging ) about $ 3.8 billion of its costs: the company transferred these costs to capital histories in misdemeanor of established by and large accepted accounting rules ( GAAP ) . These actions were intended to misdirect investors and pull strings WorldCom s net incomes to maintain them in line with estimations by Wall Street analysts. Get downing at least in 2001, WorldCom engaged in an improper accounting strategy intended to pull strings its net incomes to maintain them in line with Wall Street s outlooks, and to back up WorldCom s stock monetary value. One of WorldCom s major operating disbursals was its alleged line costs. In general, line costs represent fees WorldCom paid to third party telecommunication web suppliers for the right to entree the 3rd parties webs. Under GAAP, these fees must be expensed and may non be capitalized. Nevertheless, get downing at least every bit early as the first one-fourth of 2001, WorldCom s senior direction improperly directed the transportation of line costs to WorldCom s capital histories in sums sufficient to maintain WorldCom s net incomes in line with the analysts consensus on WorldCom s net incomes. Therefore, in this mode, WorldCom materially understated its disbursals, and materially overstated its net incomes, thereby victimizing investors. Palms Hospital Analysis EssayThere is non a set definition of originative accounting, so to clear up, originative accounting in this paper is defined as a procedure whereby comptrollers use their cognition of accounting regulations to pull strings the figures reported in the histories of a concern For illustration, in the instance of calculating depreciation, directors and comptrollers have several methods from which they may take. Some of these are straight-line, declining-balance, and double-declining-balance depreciation. Not merely can the directors and comptrollers select any of the multiple depreciation methods when calculating depreciation cost, but they can besides pick one method for deprecating one thing, such as edifices, and another method for deprecating another thing, such as equipment ( Stice A ; Stice, 2006, p. 550-553 ) . This depreciation illustration is merely one of the many multiple accounting methods that a company can lawfully use. Thus, companies will most probably, if non likely, utilize the accounting method that will give them their most preferable image. Another ground why a distinct line can non be drawn on the moralss of originative accounting is that directors and comptrollers must gauge certain figures in accounting. Not all the Numberss are known to the exact denary topographic point and some Numberss are non even known near to the existent sum, so fiscal statement preparers must utilize their best judgement in these instances. Traveling back to the depreciation illustration, directors must gauge an plus s residuary value and utile life value in order to cipher the depreciation cost. ( The residuary value and the utile life value must be estimated because direction must account for depreciation cost as they are utilizing the plus. Management merely discovers the existent sums of these values when they dispose of the plus, but by this clip, they can non deprecate the plus any longer, so this is the ground they must do the estimations. ) Therefore, directors could basically pull strings the depreciation sum to the figure that they want. Technically, this is non illegal because they are within their rights to gauge the Numberss, but it could fall into an unethical country if the true values are grossly misrepresented. Another originative accounting technique that directors and comptrollers can use is come ining unreal minutess into the fiscal statements. With this technique, fiscal statement preparers can pull strings figures on the balance sheet and travel net incomes from one period to another. For illustration, a company can carry on a sale and leaseback dealing where they sell an plus to a 3rd party and so arrange to rent that good back for the balance of the utile life. Therefore, the sale monetary value under the understanding can be pitched above or below the current value of the plus, because the difference can be compensated for by increased or decreased leases ( Amat et al. , 1999 ) . This allows the company to lawfully pull strings their income sum in the fiscal statements, but whether this is ethical or non is an wholly different narrative. There is besides a originative accounting technique that can be used by clocking when a dealing occurs. Management can clip genuine minutess to happen at a period of their choosing. This action is decidedly within their rights, and they can take when they want to move upon it. An illustration of this method is the timing of a gross revenues dealing. If a company owns a piece of land that is deserving $ 250,000 at historic cost, which is the book value sum on the fiscal statements, and that piece of land now has a current market value of $ 950,000, direction can take when they want to sell. They can maintain the plus until they want to sell it at a period where they want the company s income to increase. This scheme raises some concerns. On the ethical side, the company has non broken any Torahs, nor have they overstepped any boundaries, but on the unethical side, in a sense, the company is blow uping how good they are making. So yet once more, there is no unequivocal boundary with th e moralss of originative accounting. Advocates of originative accounting argue that all the illustrations given are done in an ethical capacity. They claim that the FASB has set the by and large accepted accounting rules to give directors and comptrollers assorted accounting methods from which they can choose. When using certain methods, the companies are traveling to take the 1s that make their fiscal statements better. This is the nature of business-to make the company win every bit good as possible. Creative accounting aids in this enterprise. On the other manus, oppositions of originative accounting see it as accounting use ( Simon, 1998 ) . The oppositions believe that originative accounting is used when directors and comptrollers want to pull strings the fiscal statements to demo a certain result. For case, when directors want to portray better figures in certain histories to shareholders, they will use originative accounting techniques to acquire their coveted consequences. In these instances, direction is most likely non accomplishing a company s ultimate end of increasing stock value. In the short tally, the company s stock value might lift due to the Numberss shown by the originative accounting, but in the long tally, the originative accounting hurts the ultimate end of increasing stock value because the company can non use the originative accounting techniques everlastingly. Since the company can non continually deceive shareholders with the figures derived by originative accounting, the world of the state of affairs must finally be divulged. When this occurs, this hurts the value of the stock non merely at the clip, but besides in the long tally if the company does non travel out of concern. The recent accounting dirts of Enron, WorldCom, Tyco, Adelphia, and the similar illustrate when creative accounting unimpeachably becomes unethical and illegal. In these instances, originative accounting was taken to the extreme. aˆÂ ¦The coevals of hearers, comptrollers, and directors present in these companies at the clip of their prostrations did non react right or rapidly plenty when confronted with ethical dilemmasaˆÂ ¦ ( Jennings, 2004 ) . In the instance of Enron, direction employed aggressive accounting where there was a sum of about $ 1 billion in accounting mistakes by the clip the company collapsed. Oppositions of originative accounting usage this instance as an illustration of why originative accounting should non be employed. However, on the other manus, advocates argue that Enron is an utmost instance and a instance where the effects are non what originative accounting is intended for. All can see that direction was evidently moving unethically in Enron s instance, and originative accounting was unluckily utilised as a manner to accomplish their agencies. Yet with all the contention environing originative accounting, originative accounting has non been abolished and in all chance will non be. With the assorted accounting options and techniques available to fiscal statement preparers, originative accounting will ever be. It is dubious and highly improbable that these options will be taken off so originative accounting must be endured whether it is used in an ethical manner or non. Ultimately, originative accounting should be used if, and merely if, it is within the branchings of the jurisprudence and it achieves the company s ultimate end of increasing stock value. Hence, when utilizing originative accounting, direction can non merely profit the company in the short tally. The originative accounting must besides profit the company in the long tally, which is what finally affairs. fifty Student Bio cubic decimeter Acclaiming from Palm Beach County, Florida, Sue Chong is presently a sophomore pupil at the University of Southern California, majoring in Accounting. Enrolled in the joint-degree plan at the Leventhal School of Accounting, Sue is working on gaining both her unmarried man s and maestro s grades in four old ages. Sue is be aftering on working in the public accounting industry after she graduates with the eventual end of going the head fiscal officer of a Fortune 500 company.

Terrorism Essays (1162 words) - Terrorism, Organized Crime

Terrorism Terrorism and Conceptual Problems International terrorism is the use of political violence to gain specific goals by force. These acts of terrorism may be practiced on individuals, governments, and religious groups. The purpose of terrorism is to promote terror, in that case, the population is force into fear and the delusions of death (Terrorism, International Microsoft (R) Encarta 1994.). United States has been maintaining the ominous terrorism acts by increasing security, high-tech devices detecting characteristics of a terrorist, and preventing fewer menacing attacks against the United States. International terrorism has been recurrent during the periods of political and social upheaval. The distinctive wave of international terrorism, that developed after the mid-1960's diversed from earlier ones in its comprehensive greater impacts. Numerous elements associated to make international terrorism uncomplicated and more effective: technological advances, resulting in both greater destructiveness and smaller sized weapons leading mass destruction (?U.S. asserts? n. pag.). Such groups may use terrorism tactics in extortion attempts like those used to shake down the neighborhood. The scope and magnitude of future potential terrorist organizations will be improved by the impetuous changes in technology will provide a next generation of terrorists. The resort to terrorism could be an effort to dramatize a cause and provoke the to the extent of a more extreme hazardness. As the United States tries to redefine the formation and execution of foreign policy humanitarian assistance, wh ich will be objects of an effort might resent it (Domestic Reports n. pag.). Today, the U.S. alone spends roughly a $billion a year combating terrorism and hoping to decrease the catastrophesity of terrorism. Statistically, few of will ever be killed by the deeds of a terrorist; kill one and terrorize thousands says Chinese leader chairman Mao (Domestic Reports n. pag.). Yet our, and other governments spend vast amounts of money fighting terrorism, and to secure the peace in our nations cities. Terrorists find it easier and more productive to plant a big bomb to wipe out an entire neighborhood, rather pin pointing the targets. Because of this, about every nation now has at least a rudimentary counter-terrorism team. Because of these ghastly acts, the United States and other nations have created the Anti-terrorism tactics. Anti-terrorism refers to the prevention of terrorism, while counter-terrorism takes the opponents out (In the Senate n. pag.). If there is a fog of war, there is probably a more dense smog of terrorism, for the small nature of terrorism groups, their close interpersonal communications, and their predilection for soft targets of opportunity make it difficult to predict their future operations. Counter-terrorism analysts must therefore peer through a very cloudy ball when assessing the intentions, capabilities, and targets of existing and future terrorist groups. Life would be easier if, as when assessing a conventional army, analysts could pour over communications intercepts to discern orders of battle and make predictions based on the enemy's known doctrine and strategy,? says Strategic Intelligence for American National Security, Allen E. Goodman (?Patterns of Global? n. pag.). The potential spillover effect may be intensified by the domestic, political, and economic environment. The capability of ethnic-based politics, with the tendentious debates over immigration policy, may provide abundant ground by which ethics conflicts may be transported to the United States. The existence of large immigrant communities may provide the ?human Jungle? in which the external terrorist groups can operate. The United States has been insuring the safety of the United States public and calculating the steps of terrorists. The focus is the vulnerabilities in the United States by international linkage(?Patterns of Global? n. pag.). Finally, one might contemplate the existing radical operations to issue-oriented movements such as radical environmentalism, fringe elements of the pro-life movements, and radical animal rights groups, there will emerge new groups willing to use terrorism to advance grievances both real and imaginary. As lawmakers debated what steps to take to prevent future attacks, many Americans ponder what sacrifice are they willing to take to counter the terrorist threat. The questions are to be asked if the travelers are willing to wait in longer lines, so that sensitive equipment can inspect their bags for explosives or unusual items? Are they willing to pay more for the airline tickets to finance the new detection equipment? Are Americans

Greed and Envy in Arthur Millers The Crucible Essays

Greed and Envy in Arthur Millers The Crucible Essays Greed and Envy in Arthur Millers The Crucible Paper Greed and Envy in Arthur Millers The Crucible Paper and therefore, he chooses to leave his name intact and die as a tragic hero. It may be said that envy and greed were responsible for the chaos of witch-hunt, however, they cannot fully be blamed. Other feelings such as fear, pride, and honour are common to those of a restricted society like Salem and can be more responsible for the havoc. The former emotions affect the society of Salem as a whole, unlike greed and envy that affect some characters personally. Consequently, it is reasonable to say that the causes for the Salem witch-hunt varies according to each reader. One may strongly discuss that envy and greed were responsible for chaos in Salem while another can, just as strongly, defend his opinion that fear and pride, for example, are mostly to blame. All in all, evidence and examples show that envy and greed can be held responsible for the Salem witch-hunt to certain extents. These feelings may not be the main principles to blame but are, nonetheless, present in The Crucible and do influence some characters, aggravating the already turbulent society of Salem.

Essay Writing Prompts for College Students

Essay Writing Prompts for College Students Essay is the most popular type of written in-class and home-work assignments among college students. Sometimes, students are assigned to complete a few essays per week, what is certainly not the good news for those who have not yet mastered the art of essay writing. Nevertheless, by the final course of college, almost all students manage to gain the needed writing and critical thinking skills to complete essay writing tasks with diligence and on the decent level. The present article would give those students who are not yet perfect in essay writing a few general tips to improve their essay writing skills. First of all, students are to remember that it is the topic and the essay type which are to be defined in the very beginning. There are numerous essay types, such as persuasive, analytical, compare and contrast, descriptive essays and so on. There is even a larger scope of the various essay topics which might be covered by a college student’s essay. If the essay topic has not been specified by the tutor, then the whole burden of essay topic defining would be on the student’s shoulders. Be accurate with it – it should be not too broad and not too narrow, but acute and interesting to the audience and to you, in the first line. Another important stage of essay writing is searching for the information. Sure, there are essays in which the author is only demanded to express their personal attitude towards a phenomenon or opinion, show their subjective opinion and that is it. On the contrary, some essays need careful researching and surfing the available sources for the information he author would need. Thus, the facts to be presented within the future essay are to be carefully chosen and considered. One more point of attention when writing an essay is its careful structuring: there should obligatory be present such structural parts, as the introduction, the main body and the conclusion. Without those, your essay would never be highly graded. One more helpful tip in completing the essay of any topic and type is referring to a custom company writing academic papers. The writers employed by these companies are always savvy in essay writing, as well as in formatting and editing the already written content. This means that if you face difficulties composing the essay, you may rely on the company’s writing team. They could assist you with the essay topic or academic sources to be used within the content. The advanced writing, formatting, proofreading and critical thinking skills would be demonstrated by them when composing your essay, and you would be satisfied with the final result – with minimal efforts and expenses from your side. Contact our website and enjoy essay writing help provided by our experienced academic experts who are always available to help students.

Hospitality Service Operations Management report Essay

Hospitality Service Operations Management report - Essay Example easure, track and monitor as well as continuously improving efficiency of services, quality and availability in hospitality operational environment (Knowles et al 2004). The strategy to be employed include external analysis (this assess the clients, the marketplace, and competition) self analysis (this is the evaluation of business performance) strategy identification (this covers product strategies like product profile, target, and position) there is also an aspect of functional strategy which is basically differentiation. Strategy selection is the last stage that includes real scenario with core competencies in play (Knowles et al 2004). The following are very critical components of marketing that were addressed before real implementation of the plan; strategic objective (market share and profitability), customers (products position and market segment), and strategic focus. The corporate market has been very tricky for Sunshine Hotel. This is indicated by the competitor sales report. This hotel is operating at average capital in relation to other hotels. Promotion - The marketing style adopted by hospitality Service Company was direct selling where advertisements were made through the media, fliers and mailing. Product- were packaged strategically so that clients could get packaged brands of services like transport accommodation and entertainment in one package. The hotel offered mini bar service, hotel shop, business service and internet (Kandampully & Sparks 2001). Price- the prices were set strategically in that some services will be packaged together, prices will vary seasonally and that collective purchases were discounted. Sales-sales were increased by diversifying the products; this means we operate bars, restaurants, accommodation, entertainment, transport, conference facility and internet. This resulted in the high corporate sales per weekday (847). Average room rates were fairly high (Kandampully & Sparks 2001). Leisure Market: Leisure market seems

HIV-1 Detection by Western Blot Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

HIV-1 Detection by Western Blot - Lab Report Example The antibody when exposed to the enzyme with the substrate will lead to the production of a band that is colored (Luttmann, Bratke, Kupper and Myrtek, 2006). The test is done several times in the positive and the negative control serum to bring the clear identification of the viral protein. In the carrying out the test, there is the consideration of the nine HIV specific bands. When the bands are exposed to the serum of the individual the reaction that occurs in the bands and the patterns is what results to the diagnosis of the individual with the HIV virus. In the experiment to determine the availability of the virus, the polyacrylamide gel is extracted from the tray and the nylon that is used in the experiment is place directly onto the gel. After the nylon membrane is placed on the gel, bands of protein are transferred to the surface of the nylon membrane which makes them to be absorbed by the nylon membrane through the hydrophobic bonds (Wikipedia, 2013). The transfer between the bonds is achieved in chambers that are specially designed through capillary flow or by application of vacuum. DNA and RNA microarrays have been used in the determination of the infection with HIV since they are the key ways in the understanding of the expression of the genes and the method also allow for the rapid quantification of many of the genes once in the given cell that is focused. The microarrays have focused on the determination of the effect of the HIV on the single viral proteins in the individual in the line of lymphoid cells. The microarrays are used in the determination of the HIV due to the instance that the expression of the genes in an individual are always altered during the time of infection with the HIV (Luttmann, Bratke, Kupper and Myrtek, 2006). Infection in the individual is confirmed when the microarrays multiplex leading to the detection and also differentiate the sources that has brought the infection in the individual. In the carrying out of

Genetically Modified Food and Crops Essay Example for Free

Genetically Modified Food and Crops Essay Abstract Since the 1980s scientists have been altering crops, including some of the food we eat (Fairly Gaskins, 2000). Genetically modified food has always been a concern for many people. I find the concerns to be unwarranted because there has never been a negative health report due to the fact of consuming GM foods. Biotechnology gives us the best means for solving the worlds food shortage now and in the future. Genetically modified crop plants are now grown on nearly 150 million acres in the United States alone, helping farmers to increase yields, reduce pesticide spraying, and save topsoil (Conko Miller, 2011). What are we actually eating? Looking at ingredients on the back of a product was almost considered out of the ordinary ten to fifteen years ago. But now it is one of the most important factors in the decision on whether or not a consumer will buy the product. In all the research I conducted there was never a proven harmful effect from genetic engineering. However, the benefits are scientifically proven which gives genetically modified crops the advantage over traditional farming. The proposed ideas and research by scientist show that a lot more can be done with GM food other than eating it. Globalization of GM crops is becoming apparent as well as GM crop commercialization. _Keywords: GM Food, GM Crops, Genetically engineered crops, Biotechnology, GM organisms._ Genetically modified organisms can be defined as organisms in which the genetic material (DNA) has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally. The technology is often called biotechnology and it allows selected individual genes to be transferred from one organism into another (World Health Organization, 2002). For more than twenty years of scientific,  humanitarian, and financial success genetic engineering has been applied to agriculture. This has been accomplished without injury to a single person or damage to the ecosystem. However, activists are still fighting the use of genetically modified crops (Conko Miller 2011). Millions of people around the world suffer from malnutrition and with the steep projected increase of our worlds population in the next fifty years a change needs to be made. Genetically modified crops increase yield, nutrition and uses fewer pesticides all without proven negative effects. GM crops and all its benefits make it the gateway for the worlds agriculture success. Genetically modified crops are becoming the building blocks for agriculture advancements. Scientists are continually working to create more benefits for consumers as well as farmers. The main concern of GM foods is negative health risks however, they are actually more beneficial. GM foods have longer shelf life, contain higher nutritional value and are safer to eat. For example, GM corn has lower fungal toxin content then non-GM corn, and farmers typically produce GM crops using fewer pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers (Tyson, 2001). By drastically reducing the use of chemicals on the plants it provides a major improvement for the consumers safety and nourishment. Because scientists slightly tweak the DNA of the plants with other genes it is possible that food allergens may end up in GM products. Steve Taylor, a scientists at the University of Nebraska states that, the food-allergy threat is small because food  engineers now avoid using genes from nuts and other common food all ergens. The benefits of genetic engineering justify the risk (Fairley Gaskins 2000). Products from biotechnology are no less safe than traditionally bred crops. According to Dr. Prakash, genetically improved products are subjected to intensive testing, while conventional varieties have never been subjected to any such regulation for food safety or environmental impact (Prakash, 2000). Every GM food that is currently available on the international market has already passed risk assessments and is not likely to pose a risk for the consumers. No effects have been shown and GM foods will continue to be regulated in more and more countries (World Health Organization, 2002). GM crops are never expected to present a health risk  and therefore should reassure government officials worldwide in the use of this technology. Another concern of GM technology is the effect it has on the environment. The environmental risks of biotechnology are also unidentified just like the health trepidations. No scientific evidence proves that GM crops are harmful to the environment. U.S. officials pointed out that scientists in Europe had been unable to find any evidence of added risk to human health or the environment from any GM crop variety developed to date. In fact, none of the studies by Europe found any scientific evidence of added harm to humans or the environment (Paarlberg, 2003). GM engineering will actually help the environment rather than harm it. In the U.S. alone farmers annually administer more than nine hundred seventy million tons of insect and plant killers. Now GM crops have the ability of containing their own insect and plant killing gene which means the farmers can use fewer chemicals (Tyson, 2001). To ensure that the environment is remaining safe, risk assessments are conducted for the GM product as well as the area in which the crop will grow (World Health Organization, 2002). Furthermore, the United Nations Environment Program has used funding for developing countries to implement biosafety regulations for GM crops. The UNEP wants these regulations implemented before any crop is planted no matter the cost or delay (Paarlberg, 2003). Since 2011, The U.S. Department of Agriculture has approved seventy four different GM crops. In each case the crops data was reviewed for several years and each concluded that they will have no significant environmental impact (Conko Miller 2011). These precautionary measures toward genetically modified crops allow the government to regulate farming actions and safeguard the environment. The initial reason GM organisms were created was to improve crop production. The GM crops currently on the market are mainly aimed at an increased level of crop protection through the introduction of resistance against plant diseases caused by insects or viruses or through increased tolerance towards herbicides (Tyson, 2001). Producers are getting a lot more for a lot less which translates to products with lower prices. The improved production of  crops and technology accounts for the lowered costs and have forced tremendous competition in the herbicide and insecticide markets (Prakash, 2000). This also helps traditional farmers because it now allows them to buy these products at a cheaper cost. In fifty years the world population could exceed eleven billion people unfortunately, the current food supply is not expanding at the same rate. Because of this, GM crops need to expand and gain popularity over traditional farming. Global GM crop farming in 1999 covered about one hundred million acres (Tyson, 2001). Now, genetically modified crop plants are grown on nearly one hundred fifty million acres in the United States alone (Conko Miller 2011). These statistics show that GM crop farming is rapidly expanding and the benefits are obvious. Biotechnology and its productivity give us the best chance to safely solve the food needs of today and the future. Poor farmers in tropical countries face problems such as crop pests, drought and low soil fertility (Paarlberg, 2003). These are the people who annually struggle to produce enough food for their families. Bugs, drought and disease destroy many acres of farmland every year. Fortunately scientists are creating GM crops with built in resistance to insects and diseases. GM Crops are also being developed that can grow in deserts or near salt water which allows more area for farming (Fairley Gaskins, 2011). Because GM crops are now being built in with these resistances farmers wont experience huge financial setbacks caused by pests killing their plants. Since the majority of malnutrition people in the world live in developing countries this opens up the opportunity for them to increase crop yield and provide enough food for everyone. Also, in developing countries people often have to survive off a single staple that own its own doesnt supply sufficient amounts of nutrients. Food scientist hope to solve this problem by creating crops equipped with vitamins and minerals. According to Tyson, one of the most promising is golden rice, which can stimulate our bodies to generate vitamin A. In the developing world, vitamin-A deficiency kills two million children each year (Tyson, 2001). A development through GM foods may be able to save two million people which would be a life changing breakthrough. Scientists are also trying to perfect eatable vaccines. They are genetically adding vaccines to tomatoes and bananas, since traditional  vaccines are expensive to manufacture and require specialized storage. Eatable vaccines, will be easier to transport, store, and administer in third world countries (Tyson, 2001). Biotechnology holds unlimited potential for areas of the world where poverty and poor agricultural conditions make farming challenging. The U.S. needs to ensure the people of these countries that GM food is safe and will be nothing but beneficial to the ir people. Genetic engineering is a crucial factor in agricultural productivity and if it continues to safely expand it could help meet the problematic food challenges that have already started. Genetic engineering holds great possibilities that could change the world. Simply peeling back a banana infused with antibiotics could be the next breakthrough science has to offer. Biotechnology continues to show safety is not an issue. GM farmers are now administering fewer chemicals on their crops. This reduces the amount of air pollution and water contamination in the environment. Genetic modifications were being made since farming started. Farmers always crossed bred the most successful plants year to year and without any concerns from the public. Today, scientist have a better understanding of how genetic modifications work making it safer for the consumers. However, government regulations are still implemented just for precautionary purposes. The United States is fortunate enough to grow numerous varieties of crops and also have the ability to choose the method of how they are grown. Unfortunately, not every country has these advantages. Genetically modified products allow these developing nations to grow crops at a more productive rate. Commercialization of genetically modified agriculture needs to be strictly monitored to make sure regulations are followed. Over industrialization of farming today is negatively viewed therefore making it essential that a golden mean is set for genetically modified products. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Fairley, P., Gaskins, P. (2000). Food Fight!. _Scholastic Choices_, _15_(8), 16. CONKO, G., MILLER, H. I. (2011). The Rush to Condemn Genetically Modified Crops. _Policy Review_, (165), 69-82. World Health Orginization. (2002). Retrieved from website: http://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/biotech/20questions/en/index.html Tyson, P. T. (2001, April 12). _Harvest of fear_. Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/harvest/exist/ Prakash, C. (2000). Genetically engineered crops can feed the world!. Retrieved from http://www.21stcenturysciencetech.com/articles/biotech.html Paarlberg, R. L. (2003). Reinvigorating genetically modified crops. _Issues in Science and Technology, 19_(3), 86-92. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.sju.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/195920735?accountid=14071

Jake Barnes as Hemingway Code Hero in The Sun Also Rises Essays

Jake Barnes as Hemingway Code Hero in The Sun Also Rises      Ã‚  Ã‚   The portrayal of heroism is an essential aspect of literature, and every writer delineates his heroes through their ability to triumph over adversity. Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961) consistently defined and distinguished his heroes through an echoing set of characteristics that form a characteristic "Hemingway Code Hero." A Code Hero is one that distinguishes himself by his ability to demonstrate grace under pressure, to adhere to a strong set of personal values and, most importantly, to live life to the fullest. In Hemingway's first novel, The Sun Also Rises (1926), the protagonist Jakes Barnes serves as a controversial example of a Code Hero. Jake fits into the category of a Hemingway Code Hero because he embodies the most significant characteristics of a quintessential Code Hero: he demonstrates his manhood through the ability to endure pain with dignity, he imposes order upon his chaotic world through personal values, and he attempts to enjoy the simple pleasures of life to add meaning to his existence.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hemingway characterized the Code Hero as "a man who lives correctly, following the ideals of honor, courage, and endurance in a world that is sometimes chaotic, often stressful, and always painful" (Dwiggins). The most essential characteristic of a Code Hero is the capacity to exemplify grace under pressure, and Hemingway continually placed his characters into unfortunate, and often tragic, situations to test their ability to survive. Hemingway's primary focus was therefore on the strained individual and his response to adversity. ... ... code, and to embrace every opportunity to its full potential are the vital characteristics that typify a Code Hero. Jake Barnes in The Sun Also Rises relentlessly strives to set the societal standard through his stoicism, morality, and action; therefore, his exemplification of these qualities characterizes him as a true Hemingway Code Hero.    Works Cited    Dahiya, Dr. Bhim S. The Hero in Hemingway. New Delhi: Bahri Publications, 1978.    Dwiggins, Mary. "Characteristics of Hemingway's Code Hero." 22 Jan. 2001. Millikin University. 5 Jul. 2003. <http://faculty.millikin.edu/~mdwiggins/code_hero.htm>.    Gurko, Leo. Ernest Hemingway and the Pursuit of Heroism. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1968.    Hemingway, Ernest. The Sun Also Rises. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1926.   

Analysis of Dis Poetry by Benjamin Zephaniah Download this essay Print Save Essay

In ‘Dis Poetry’, Zephaniah portrays many ideas about his opinion on poetry, and he also portrays his personal experience with poetry, and how poetry affects him as a person. Through his poem, he aims to break many of the stereotypes surrounding poetry, and how it should be something that is accessible to all, rather than just the elite or well-read One of the main ideas that Zephaniah portrays in this poem is that poem is all about ‘freedom of expression’, and that it is meant for everyone. He initially writes how ‘dis poetry is not Party Political’, which could be used to suggest that poetry is not meant to affect the real world, and should be taken too seriously, but is instead simply something that everyone can enjoy. The fact that he writes ‘I’ve tried Shakespeare, but dis is de stuff I like’ goes to show how people should not be confined to specific types of poetry, or forced to respect poetry from history, but instead that everyone should be allowed to enjoy whatever form of poetry pleases them. Zephaniah also writes how ‘dis poetry is fer de wise an foolish’, which further illustrates his point that poetry should be accessible to all. He also writes how ‘anybody can do it fe free’ and that ‘dis poetry is fe yu an me’, further showcasing his views on how poetry should be widespread and accessible. He ends the poem with the phrase ‘It goes to yu WID LUV. This shows how Zephaniah believes uses this poem as a message, and the full stop after LUV could be used to emphasise this ‘LUV’, and show Zephaniah’s affection behind the message. Because Zephaniah believed in the need for multicultural acceptance, this poem could be used as a message to portray how everyone should be allowed to enjoy whatever poetry they like, not depending on their background, and this ‘LUV’ possibly is used to show Zephaniah’s love to these other cultures. Zephaniah also suggests that, in his opinion, poetry does not necessarily need to have any sort of structure or seriousness. He states how it is ‘not designed fe dose who are critical’, which is used to show that the poetry should just be accepted as it is instead of being over analysed and scrutinised. In addition, he states how ‘no big words [are] involved’ and that ‘pages of written words’ are ‘not needed’, showing that he believes that poetry is all about the meaning behind the words, as well as the ‘riddim’ rather than how it is presented or structured, and the fact that there are ‘no big words’ shows how poetry should be accessible to everyone, not just those who are well-read. Furthermore, the great use of enjambment in this poem, as well as the sections where it breaks out of structure during the ‘chant’, showcases Zephaniah’s beliefs that a strict structure is not required, and the fact that the message of the poem is still very evident shows how a poem does not need ‘long words’ and a ‘structure’ to convey a strong message. Zephaniah also portrays the way in which poetry is a way of life. He writes how it ‘is wid me when I gu to me bed’ and how ‘It gets into me dreadlocks’, showing how his life essentially revolves around poetry. Furthermore, he writes how ‘if I hav a problem de riddim gets it solved’, which shows how important poetry is to him, and how it plays an important role in his life. He also writes how he ‘chants in de morning, in de night and in de darkness’, suggesting that poetry is a part of his life throughout the entire day. The change in structure and rhyme during this part of the poem could also possibly be symbolic of how poetry takes over his mind and behaviour, and how this is essentially a ‘stream of consciousness’. This is further compounded upon through the way in which he states ‘when I am talking to meself in poetry I talk, showing how poetry is now part of his mind. However, alternatively, it could also be used negatively, and that Zephaniah’s emphasis on poetry has resulted in a change of his personality. Overall, Zephaniah uses this poem to some what break the stereotypes about poetry, that it is only meant for those who are wise, well-read and analytical, by instead portraying how it should be accessible to all, and it is unnecessary for poetry to be so serious.

Atmospheric Pollution

Firstly, we must question: How does air pollution occur? To understand this, one is required to recognise the earth's surroundings. Life is totally dependant upon the blanket of mixed gases referred to as ‘air' surrounding our planet earth. This atmosphere is, approximately, a five hundred kilometre thick1 composite layer of colourless, odourless gasses that surrounds the earth kept in place by gravitational forces. Due to its intangible form, it is often ignored by man, making it vulnerable and easily damaged (this fact being highlighted by a large number of disasters caused, effectively, by man). The political and scientific debate on the so called ‘Greenhouse Effect' is based on concern over increasing atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide resulting from combustion of fossil fuels and emissions of other ‘Greenhouse Gases' – such as methane (from decomposing waste), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and nitrous oxides (NOx). The activities of homo sapiens have introduced these new chemicals into the atmosphere and disturbed the distribution of its natural constituents. At first, this was limited to the effect of the fireplace, but later, with the greatly expanded usage of coal, these effects grew more acute. And, after the Industrial Revolution, these effects were compounded. As will be made clear, this revolution reached such a point that consequences began to be regarded more than just an inevitable residue of industrialisation and the struggle for economic growth. 1.1 Secondly, in order to intertwine the above information with the issue at hand, it may be necessary to ask oneself, what is environmental law, who is using it and for what purposes? These questions are being posed, as it is imperative to understand the background of the subject, not just for this subtopic in environmental law, but any topic, before entering it in any depth. Environmental law is first and foremost, a combination of primary legislation2, secondary legislation3 (which will be explained in more depth throughout the project), judicial decisions, common law principles, European Community legislation4 – ‘which impose an obligation on members states to enact legislation to give effect to the terms of the Directive'5 which are transposed into national law (as regulations), European treaties and international law (found in treaties, conventions and protocols). 1.2 The foremost function of environmental law is not, as many would imagine, to completely eliminate pollution altogether, but rather, to allow, or balance pollution levels with the gains we, as a society receive from economic growth. This phenomenon, known most frequently as ‘sustainable development' is one that will be referred to time and time again in any environmental law topic. Sustainable development's widely accepted definition is to be found in the 1987 Bruntland Report – â€Å"Our Common Future† (the report for the World Commission on Environmental Development 1987). It states: ‘†¦development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs'. In layman terms, what this report was recommending, or advising the inhabitants of this earth to do, was to use our resources on the planet in such a manner, so as not to jeopardise the way in which it can be used by others in those years after us. A classic example highlighting the necessity of sustainable development is that of the Communist regimes, such in Poland, in which they favoured production and economic development over protection of the environment. In brief, economic growth will lead to changes in the environment. If this growth is not controlled/governed, it can lead to an ugly and dangerous environment. One could be as bold as to say that obviously, the overriding consideration of any commercial enterprise is the maintenance and expansion of profit. To achieve this, one tactic is to minimize costs and this can occur by reviewing methods of disposal of unwanted materials. If discharging these wastes into the atmosphere represents the cheapest way of accomplishing this, then the industry will have a strong inclination to adopt this strategy. The costs of disposal do not disappear when pollution is emitted into the atmosphere, and as has been discovered, the society will eventually end up paying far greater costs. Therefore, it is the governments of each nation must choose limits to benefit both the environment and economic growth. This is often referred to as ‘anthroprecantic'7 and most law is based on it. As it was eventually assessed (with regards to the situation in Poland) that their lack of concern for the environment in which they inhabited was, in effect, the reason for their poor economic advancement. It was also noted that their Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was less than those countries who followed the anthroprecantic system. This perhaps is the most precise example of how the environment plays such a big factor on our lives, not just for our health, but also for the development of our respective countries. (After all, it is the aspiration of each and every governing nation to become wealthy and prosperous – economic development is at the heart of each nation). In working towards sustainable development, whether in broad terms or looking at one particular aspect such as air quality, a number of basic concepts must guide action. These concepts have been clearly outlined in a number of governmental papers8. Within the United Kingdom's largely secular and pragmatic societ y, it seems inevitable that pollution is view in an economic context. 2.0 The industrial revolution was the main cause of such concern over the environment. Before this time, ‘environmental law in England and Wales was characterised by a parochial focus on localised pollution problems'9. Such problems date back to the early uses of coal in domestic fires. The production of fumes and particulates from fires caused pulmonary infections and related lung diseases. Notwithstanding this effect, coal continued to be used. In 1661, John Evelyn published his famous work on air pollution in city areas, Fumi Fugiumi, which not only outlined the problems that atmospheric pollution from smoke caused, but also, more importantly, tried to suggest methods by which the problem could be resolved. After this period, much legislation was passed addressing specific problems in this area of law, for example, atmospheric pollution from chemical industries and ‘unclean' modes of transport, water pollution and the regulation of statutory nuisance. 2.1 Very few areas of the United Kingdom are safe from air pollution. Pollution levels exceed Government health standards all over the country on many days every year, even in rural areas. It is difficult to assess exactly the impact of air pollution on public health. However the government itself stated that: â€Å"the Department of Health's latest assessment is that air pollution is at present responsible each year for several thousand advanced deaths; for ten to twenty thousand hospital admissions, and for many thousands of instances of illness, reduced activity, distress and discomfort†10. It was also assessed that short-term episodes cause between 12,700 and 19,500 premature deaths in the UK a year11. And three years prior to this, it was estimated12 that short-term pollution episodes were responsible for between 12,000 and 24,000 deaths per year. These figures have put new pressure on the Government to fully support the Road Traffic Reduction Bill13, from Cynog Dafis MP. Over 400 Members of Parliament are supporting the principles of the Bill, which requires the government to produce a national plan to cut road traffic from 1990 levels by 5% by the year 2005 and 10% by the year 2010. As can be imagined, road transport is a major source of air pollution in the UK. Five of the key pollutants are: particulates (fine dust and soot particles – PM), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), benzene and hydrocarbons (HCs). ‘After more than half a century of under-investment in Britain, roads are the most congested in Europe'14. However, knowing that transport is the cornerstone of modern society, yet it is responsible for poor air quality in many urban centres around the world, what is there that can be done about its damaging effect on our environment? There are increasing concerns about the impact of traffic exhaust emissions on the health of citizens who are exposed to the high concentrations of pollutants, plus the wider global implications. Legislation is helping clean up vehicles and fuel, but there is a significant time lag while the vehicle stock is being replaced. In the interim, mechanisms could to be introduced that accelerate the replacement of vehicles or improve the existing stock. 2.2 In the UK such a concept has taken the form of Low Emission Zones, which aim to restrict the use of the most polluting vehicles from specific areas in an urban environment. In Sweden, a similar concept has been in operation since 1996 whereby environmental standards are specified for heavy vehicles entering the central area of the main cities. The government has also recently set health standards for eight key pollutants. For these pollutants it has also set policy targets to be reached by the year 2005. Meeting these targets will need action locally, nationally and internationally. The Environment Act 1995 set up a system known as Local Air Quality Management through which local authorities will play a major part in reducing pollution levels. 2.3 If we are to meet the Government's targets for air pollution, then pollution from traffic must be cut drastically. There are two main ways to do this: Traffic reduction: cutting the volume of traffic on the roads. A number of environmental organisations are supporting the Road Traffic Reduction Act (which is now law) and the Road Traffic Reduction (UK Targets) Bill. This Bill, which is currently in Parliament as a Private Members Bill, aims to cut traffic levels nationally by 5% by 2005 and 10% by 2010. Greener cars: making sure that cars pollute as little as is possible. This is achieved through tightening engine technology and fuel quality standards. These standards are set at a European level15. 2.4 Although the above issues are seemingly simple, everyone does not welcome the manner in which they will be implemented. For example, There are a huge number in opposition to the government increasing taxes on fuel, and in one particular instance, it was stated by a former chairman of a lobbying institution, that ‘if Gordon Brown increases his fuel taxes, he will see the same situation as he saw in Autumn 2000' [where there was a great number of protests and havoc was caused around Britain]16 This threat was reinforced by a totally independent party, namely the Petrol Retailers Association, who warned ‘if taxes on motor fuels are increased, petrol forecourts will close'17. With statistics and threats such as those provided, it is difficult to advise what the government can do to aid the situation. The Liberal Democrat party also showed its urgency when it released a statement highlighting its concern that the Chancellor of the Exchequer must freeze fuel taxes in real terms for the lifetime of this Parliament. The party also called for a ‘sliding scale' of car tax emissions, so that consumers with polluting vehicles paying higher duties, and those with the most environmentally friendly, paying nothing18. And, in support of this plea, it was stated, by The Confederation of British Industry, that they would be ‘surprised and disappointed if there was a real increase in fuel duties' 2.5 The Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone, who is behind many of the more noticeable environmental issues with regards to London stated in his manifesto that he aims to ‘put the environment at the heart of London government and provide for comprehensive environmental assessment and monitoring of all strategies which the Mayor is required to produce'19. In addition to this, the Mayor said that he will ‘aim to reduce road traffic by 15% by 2010'20. In favour of this aim, recent figures suggest that the UK's emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are being reduced21 and in addition, greenhouse gases are also being reduced. However, as stated previously, with the correction of specific pollution problems, comes an uplift of other hazards, such as in this case, the increase in carbon dioxide emissions and recent developments in the electricity market suggest problematic situations. 3.0 All aspects of environmental law have a domestic, European and international dimension to them. For example, if one lives in a country where there are dangerous waste materials being transported thorough, the government of transporting town will ensure that the standard of safety provided is of a standard expected on a international level. These precautions must be taken in any environmental situation as will be discovered through this assignment. The influence of international law on the regulation of air pollution has been significant. This may be in recognition of the fact that many of the problems caused by air pollution can have impacts across a large geographical area (and in many cases cause seriously global effects). There have been a number of areas where international law has helped to shape policies and rules on both a domestic and European level. Therefore, with regards to our particular topic, atmospheric pollution in England is regulated, not only by domestic bodies, but moreover, on a European and global level. The problems related to air pollution are by no means a new phenomenon. The prohibitions on certain activities producing smoke are probably the first instances of environment pollution legislation in the United Kingdom, and legislation dates back to 1863 with the Alkali Act, Public Health Act 1875 and 1936, Public Health (Smoke Abatement) Act 1926 and the Clean Air Act (CAA) 1956. The first modern piece of legislation combating air pollution, namely the Alkali Act, represented the culmination of a long period of dissatisfaction with environmental conditions, especially in London. For example, in 1819, an M.P had written, â€Å"[T]he volumes of smoke which issues from the furnaces on every side of the river Thames opposite my own house actually blacken every flower I have in my own garden in Whitehall†22 Until the CAA 1956 was introduced, the government of Britain has had a large amount of difficulty in tackling the problems of atmospheric pollution. Nowadays, the 3 main pollution controls in Britain (which will be clearly explained in detail in), are the Integrated Pollution Control (IPC)23 and Integrated Pollution and Control (IPPC), the Clean Air Act (CAA)24 1993 (a consolidation of the CAA 1956 and CAA 1968), and the controls relating to vehicle emissions. In addition to these, the Environmental Act 1995 25(EA 1995) naturally plays a large role, as it does in all environmental issues. 3.1 Having discussed the topic of environmental law, recapped on the history of atmospheric pollution, and established that there is a need for change, it is now necessary to discuss and evaluate the measures and changes which have been made, by domestic, European and international governments along with a vast number of very influential pressure groups. The main three are (mentioned in section ): a) The Integrated Pollution Control (IPC)26 and Integrated Pollution and Control (IPPC) license based controls relating to a range of highly polluting industries detailed in part1 of the Environmental Protection Act (EPA) 1990 and the Pollution Prevention Act (PPA) 1999. b) The criminal sanction based controls over the emission of smoke and other particulate matter from chimneys and furnaces detailed in the Clean Air Act (CAA) 1993. c) Controls relating to vehicle emissions. These controls encompass engine efficiency standards, the chemical composition of fuels, the mandatory use of catalytic converters, eco-taxes, price differentials between different types of fuel and the use of traffic management powers.27. The aforementioned controls are an enhancement made by the Environmental Act 1995. 3.2 The CAA 1993 concentrates on the control of emissions on smoke, dust and grit by means of criminal offences. The main offences are, emissions of dark smoke – from a chimney or from industrial premises, emissions of dust and grit from non-domestic furnaces, emissions of smoke from a chimney in a ‘Smoke Control Area' and various other offences relating to the installation of furnaces. Having stated earlier, atmospheric pollution is not merely a domestic issue, the involvement of Europe is particularly highlighted with the great many directives established. Since 1993, when the Maastricht Treaty on the European Union (EU) reformed the Treaty of Rome, Articles 130r – 130t of the EC Treaty have provided the legal basis for Community environmental law. Specifically, under Article 130r (2), environmental policy is guided by four principles: the precautionary, the polluter-pays principle, the integration principle, and the source principle. Moreover, the aforementioned Article further provides that a directive or regulation may include a ‘safeguard clause', which allows Member States to take any appropriate measure to protect the environment in case of emergency28. European Community (EC) measures to curb air pollution can be divided into different categories. Emissions from industrial plants – whereby the most important directive is the Large Combustion Plant Directive (88/609/EEC). In addition to this, Directives 89/369/EEC (dealing with emissions from incineration plants, and Directive 96/61/EC (IPPC) which was implemented into national law in 1999 are the most important directives regarding Emissions from industrial plants. Another category is that of Air pollution affecting the ozone layer and global warming in which EC regulations 3322/88, 591/91 and 549/91 which have banned CFCs and hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs), respectively. Air quality standards have been inputted in Air Quality Framework Directives (96/62/EC) and 99/30/EC. As can be seen, the EC has implemented a large number of directives, however, what is not apparent from the information given, is which have been implemented in British national law. The EC also concentrates on vehicle emission standards, product quality standards and atmospheric pollution and waste reduction29. 4.0 As an evaluation, it is necessary to view the opinions and publications of specialised bodies that thrive to ever improve the environment, such as Green Peace and Friends of the Earth. However, when consulting such sources, one is required to acknowledging the great possibilities of biasness, in order to assess the contribution these measures and policies have made on the atmospheric pollution levels in Britain. Regarding one particular publication issued by Friends of the Earth, it was stated, that by using government data and methods to calculate an Air Quality Indicator for 1999 established that air quality is still ‘very poor'. The calculation shows, for key monitoring sites around Britain, the average number of days on which air pollution levels were above the Government's air quality standard. John Prescott called it a â€Å"key quality of life indicator†. It was also stated that road traffic is the major source of air pollution in the UK, which is responsible for 48% of UK emissions of nitrogen dioxide, 26% of particles, 2% of sulphur dioxide and 74% of carbon monoxide. Ozone is a secondary pollutant, produced by reactions between nitrogen dioxide and hydrocarbons. Road traffic is responsible for 38% of UK emissions of hydrocarbons. In this report, it was stated that the share of pollution produced by road traffic would be significantly higher in towns and cities. 4.1 The (New) Labour government took office in 1997 promising to be â€Å"the first truly green Government ever† and to put â€Å"concern for the environment at the heart of policy making†. There have been real achievements. In Labour's first term, both Tony Blair and John Prescott led international efforts to agree the Kyoto treaty to fight climate change. Labour committed the UK to cut emissions of carbon dioxide, the most significant climate changing gas, by 20% by 2010. Despite Tony Blair's very close relationship with the United States, he is still prepared to criticise President Bush for reneging on this treaty and attempting to undermine support for it from other states. Gordon Brown overcame considerable hostility from the business lobby to introduce the Climate Levy, which has begun to give industry clear incentives to cut emissions. Unfortunately, this is where achievements tend to become more difficult to establish. Early in Labour's first term, Chancellor Gordon Brown took important steps to implement the basic principle of green taxation, that tax should be raised on polluting and environmentally destructive behaviour, with the revenues used to pay for green initiatives and to cut taxes on employment. But New Labour has now simply surrendered to the fuel tax protestors, and abandoned the process of gradually raising fuel duty to ensure that the cost of motoring more accurately reflects the environmental damage it causes. And in his last Budget, Brown put employers' National Insurance contributions back up again, increasing the cost of labour and discouraging job creation.30 4.2 Ultimately, it appears that any capitalist economy must face the full scale of any atmospheric pollution problem presented by their production. As stated in 1.2, a capitalist economy focuses on survival of the fittest to ensure its own self preservation. Eventually, if the exhaustion of natural resources is approached, a capitalist economy will have to modify it's own behaviour to guarantee it's own survival, for it requires these resources to continue it's existence. It appears as though we are, environmentally, living in a vicious circle, whereby our preventative measures are preventing one particular problem, but at the same time, causing a problem of a different nature. It is only when that problem becomes apparent to public knowledge that it begins to be tackled. It appears, from methods undertaken before, for the protection of the environment that we may be preventing the condition of our earth from deteriorating to such a dismal point. Our structural interventions in capitalist economy do not appear without merit, albeit sometimes unnoticeable. 4.3 It was stated by Al Gore31 in his book ‘ Earth in the Balance': †Modern industrial civilisation is colliding violently with our planet's ecological system.' We inherited Eden and are leaving our children a depleted rubbish tip'32. However, on a global scale, this appears not to be, in my opinion, the case. Having researched this project for a number of months, one can honestly believe that environmentally, things are getting better. Although issues are still to be found on a daily basis in any newspaper one picks up, the fact remains that things are getting better – or are getting worse, at a slower rate than they were previously. 4.3 ‘Air pollution is not a new phenomenon that has been getting worse and worse, but an old phenomenon that has been getting better and better, leaving London cleaner than it has been since the Middle Ages.'33 Having evaluated governmental policies and researched air pollution, foremost in Britain, one would hope that this statement can now be conclusively agree, or disagreed with. Evidently, the system in which the British government takes actions often referred to as the ‘sectoral approach'34 means that whilst our nation is tackling one particular aspect of pollution, another problem would shift to another sector. ‘Britain has a problem with embarking upon the environmental issue on the whole'35. Therefore, in a brief summary of the above conclusions, it can be said that the environmental issues themselves are not seemingly the problem. Moreover, it is the funding of the implementation that causes the problems. Environmental issues are being discovered and publicised weekly. If the nation were to consider only issues relating to the environment (which it seems the Green Party and other such organisation are aiming for), there would be no advancement in other fields. Therefore, the question of sustainable development is highlighted again. How much should a nation consider the state of the environment, when clearly it needs to concentrate on the economy? As everyone is aware, the government obtains most of it's funding from taxes. If they were to continuously tax the nation, then no one would vote for them. Therefore, they have to bind their policies with one another and establish a sustainable method in which to provide both for the present, and the growing nation. Consequently, on the whole, the implementation of policies and legislation appear to be having a generally good effect on the atmospheric pollution level in Britain. One question remains, however, and that is, for how long will the preventative principle prevail, and will be sufficient in curbing an environmental hazard? In essence, it appears as though sustainable development is the mainframe of environmental and political ideology, and that government policy, and legislative implementation is delivering a sound task in the   field of atmospheric pollution in maintaining sustainable development. After all, it must be remembered, that no organisation in this world is flawless in its methods, and with it come faults, as is evident with the topic of atmospheric pollution. On the whole, policy and legislation appear to be achieving the ever fervent goal of sustainability.

Demonstrative Adjectives in Spanish

Demonstrative Adjectives in Spanish Demonstrative adjectives are those adjectives whose function is to point at something. In English, the singular demonstrative adjectives are this and that, while their  plurals are these and those, respectively. (Some grammarians refer to them as demonstrative determiners.) Key Takeaways: Spanish Demonstrative Adjectives The demonstrative adjectives or determiners of Spanish - este, ese, and aquel along with their plural and feminine forms - are used in much the same was as this, that, these, and those are used as adjectives or determiners in English.Both ese and aquel are rough equivalents of that. Aquel is used in referring to entities that are further away in time, distance, or emotional sentiment than entities that use ese.When demonstratives are used with items in a series, they typically are used for each item, unlike in English. Unlike English, Spanish has three sets of demonstrative adjectives, which vary by number and gender, so there are 12 in all: singular masculineeste (this)ese (that)aquel (that)plural masculineestos (these)esos (those)aquellos (those)singular feminineesta (this)esa (that)aquella (that)plural feminineestas (these)esas (those)aquellas (those) Note that the masculine singular forms dont end in -o. Where To Place Demonstrative Adjectives The demonstrative adjectives typically are placed before the nouns they modify. They must match the noun in both number and gender. A few examples: Me gusta este perro. (I like this dog.)Prefiero estas computadoras. (I prefer these computers.)Voy a comprar ese coche. (Im going to buy that car.)Me gustan aquellas casas. (I like those houses.) Ese or Aquel? Although ese and aquel and their related forms can be translated as that or those, there are distinctions in meaning. Ese and its related forms are more common, and youre generally safe to use them when in English youd use that or those. However, aquel and its related forms refer to something thats farther away in terms of distance, emotion, or time. Although ese and its forms can be used for an object near the speaker or listener, aquel cannot. The distinction, if not made clear by context, can be translated in various ways, as these examples indicate: Me gustan esos perros. (I like those dogs.)Me gustan aquellos perros. (I like those dogs over there.)No quiero esa casa. Quiero aquella casa. (I dont want that house. I want that house farther back.) ¿Recuerdas esos dà ­as? (Do you remember those days?) ¿Recuerdas aquellos dà ­as? (Do you remember those days long ago?) Items in a Series When two or more items are in a series, the demonstrative adjective must be used with each item. While in English we would say those dogs and cats, in Spanish we would say esos perros y esos gatos. Use of just one demonstrative adjective in this case, as in esos perros y gatos, would imply that were talking about animals that are a cross between a cat and a dog. Sample Sentences Using Demonstrative Adjectives Perseverancia: Pocos entienden el valor de esa palabra. (Perseverance: Few understand the value of that word.) Esta idea puede cambiar tu futuro. (This idea can change your future.) Siempre que veo la televisià ³n y veo a esos pobres nià ±os hambrientos en todo el mundo, no puedo evitar llorar. (Whenever I watch television and see those poor hungry children everywhere, I cant keep from crying.) Yo sabà ­a que era este mes pero no ese dà ­a. (I knew that it was this month but not that day.) Vuelvo a vivir aquellas experiencias que tuve hace muchos aà ±os. (Im going to relive those experiences I had many years ago.) Estas manos pueden construir una casa. (These hands can build a house.) Aquellos ojos azules irradiaban una luz que era casi tangible. (Those blue eyes radiated a light that was almost tangible.) Gracias por esa leccià ³n de vida. (Thank you for that lesson in life.) Esta persona no es mi amigo. (This person is not my friend.) Hay riesgos si abandonamos esas costumbres nuevas y olvida aquellas enseà ±anzas milenarias. (There are risks if we abandon those new customs and forget those traditional teachings.) Se llama radiogalaxia a aquella galaxia que irradia energà ­a con gran potencia en forma radioondas. (That galaxy that radiates powerful energy in the form of radio waves is called a radio galaxy.)   Aquel aà ±o descubrà ­ que mi à ºnico rival no era ms que mis propias debilidades. (That day I discovered that my only enemy wasnt anything more than my own weaknesses.)

Life of Goya essays

Life of Goya essays With the coronation of the two Catholic rulers, Ferdinand and Isabella in 1479, the country of Spain slowly began to unite. Piece by piece, the King and Queen recaptured once lost lands and built their empire. In 1516 Carlos V rose to power, establishing the Hapsburg reign. The Hapsburg ruled for nearly two hundred years until the death of Charles II. With him died a Golden Age for Spain that the Catholic rulers established. Spain fell into a time of mass poverty, disorganization, and lackadaisical rule. One force that was structured in Spain was the church. Catholicism was not only a religion in Spain but also a significant influence in society. At the time, however, it did little to improve the conditions. Classes were heavily lopsided. The middle class was almost non-existent, and the upper class monopolized agricultural land. The provinces of Aragon, La Mancha, and Castile were where most of the poverty and depression was concentrated. Costal cities like Cadiz and Madrid were w here prosperity existed. In the midst of commencing political and aristocratic turmoil, was born one of the most talented and patriotically concerned artists Spain has ever seen. On March 30, 1745 in the rural town of Fuendetodos, Francisco Jose de Goya y Lucientes was born. He was born poor and at the fall of the Hapsburg Monarchy. Goyas father was the son of a notary, or a small time lawyer, and his mother Dona Gracia Lucientes, was a hidalgo. Hidalgos were the lowest order in Spanish nobility. Goya was still a boy when he and his family moved to the city of Saragossa. Saragossa contained more life than the rural city of Fuendetodos. Here he began school, where he barely learned to read and write. After attending elementary school, Francisco went to a Jesuit school or college. It was here where the foundation of his career was laid. It was recommended that he develop his natural skills in drawing. A local master painter, named ...

Global operations management - multiculturalism and diversity Essay

Global operations management - multiculturalism and diversity management - Essay Example There are back office, front office, retail and wholesale operations as part of the operations management. Customer service is another area focussed by the operations managers. Customer service determines the success and failures of a business. It is aimed at building active relationships with the customers. Because of the highly globalized business environment at present, operations managers of modern era forced to interact with diverse customers and hence the success of operations managements at present depends on how well the operations managers are able to manage the multiculturalism and diversity in business. This paper briefly analyses the current operations management issues with respect to multiculturalism and diversity management. Some of the issues the host foreign country could face as a result of the expansion   The major issue in internationalising a business is the issues with respect to diversity and multiculturalism. No two individuals are alike; same way no two cou ntries are alike. Countries may differ socially, economically, politically, legally and culturally. All these aspects have a big say in operations management and hence success of international business depends on how well a country deal with these issues. ... ternational business (Victor, 2009) Communication is one of the vital segments of every business activities and language barriers often spoil effective communications. Communication may occur between the organization and its customers and the knowledge of a common language is necessary for effective communication. The business environment in different countries is different because of the economical, political, legal and social differences. For example, America and China are two entirely different countries politically, economically and socially and hence while doing business with China, America should consider the issues related to diversity and multiculturalism seriously. Social organizations in America and China are entirely different because of the cultural differences. In America, religion is a big entity whereas in China, it may not be the same. It is not necessary that two parties in a communication process may have similar knowledge or level of information (Contexting) in the topic of negotiation, especially when they happen to be of two different cultures. In other words, Americans and Chinese may have different levels of contexting and the knowledge of these differences is essential while conducting business negotiations. Authority and leadership styles are other areas in which America and China may differ. Americans are more dominating types compared to Chinese people. â€Å"The view of authority in a given society affects communication in the business environment significantly as it shapes the view of how a message will be received based on the relative status or rank of the message's sender to its receiver† (Victor, 2009). Non verbal communication, and the understanding the importance of time etc are also different in different countries which should be

The Service Excellence Management Report Research Paper

The Service Excellence Management Report - Research Paper Example It is clear from analysis that the management of Cathay Pacific Airlines is operating with the vertical organizational structure. Moreover, the organization is focusing on too much centralization in its decision making and strategy development process. Employee management has become one of the biggest challenges for the management of the organization. Too much centralization and flatter organization structure is affecting the motivation level of employees, which can reflect in the customer service management process. The organization has adopted old industrial model. Therefore, they are failing to retain their skilled employees. Some recommendation plans have been provided in the report to overcome the contemporary issues. Service excellence can be considered as an attitude that engrained in each and every organization. It begins and ends with people within the organization. Global business environment has become highly competitive as several organizations within the industry are trying to implement unique strategies in business operation process in order to gain potential competitive advantages over the competitors. Customer experience, customer expectation level and customer satisfaction level are the three major aspects in service excellence. In this present era of globalization, consumers always expect better service from the organizations beyond high quality products. It is true that, demand for high quality and differentiated services is increasing significantly among the consumers around the globe. Therefore, several organizations in this contemporary global business environment are looking to provide effective customer service in order to gain potential competitive advantages over the competit ors. Effective customer service and service excellence of organizations highly depends upon the knowledge and skill of

The social and political structure of the Safavid Empire Essay

The social and political structure of the Safavid Empire - Essay Example The article analyses the differences and similarities between the two early empires. Among the most evident similarities included their cultures, the author portrays cultural similarities in the attire of the people from the two early societies. Firstly, both were empires thus had definite prides they wished to safeguard. The two societies built houses in similar structures and designs and even habited the same region, the expansive Middle East. The two societies thus often interacted through various means including warfare since they were neighbors. In one of such wars, the Ottoman won thus gaining greater influence over the Safavid. The victory earned the Ottoman Empire numerous commercial rights to trade with other neighboring communities as it quelled the volatility in the region for some time. Among other additional similarities in the two empires included the similarity in faith, both the empires ascribed to the Islamic faith thus had similar religious structures, which also in fluenced the leadership of both the societies as the religious leaders had influence in the governance of the Islamic societies. The history of the life and accomplishments of Mehed the second The royal history of Mehed the conqueror begins with the return of his father, Sultan Murad to the throne. By abducing the throne, Murad earned his son Mehed the throne through inheritance thus paving the way for the life and success of one of the greatest conquerors of the time. Mehed ascended into power with the death of his father on 18 February 1451. As a legitimate ruler, Mehed could now formulate and implement his own policies. Among his fundamental fantasies was conquering Istanbul. He therefore invested a lot of time and resources in planning his inversion and conquest of the region that would earn him exclusive commercial rights and influence. He therefore constructed the fortress of Bogaz-Kesen, which would facilitate the attack on Istanbul. He thereafter invaded and conquered Istanbul successfully thus earning the control of the commercial hub and ordered its reconstruction as part of his new territory. The s uccessful inversion of Istanbul motivated the empire into other successive inversions including the capture of Enoz, Tasoz and Serbia thus making Mehed one of the greatest conquerors. The poetry of Shah Ismali the first Shah Ismali possessed poetic talent, which he utilized in the composition of numerous verses most of which are stored in museums in Britain. As an early poet, the Shah wrote in the native divan language, a language spoken in the southern Turkey. He wrote poems exclusively on Turkey. He received great inspiration from his friend and colleague Sultan Selim who on the other wrote exclusively on Persia. His works just as any other contemporary poetry covered such features of the society as culture, politics and the